Using single-lensed microscopes of his own design and make, Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe and to experiment with microbes, which he originally referred to as dierkens, diertgens or diertjes. [note 3] He was the first to relatively determine their size. He used his microscopes to describe bacteria harvested from tooth scrapings, and to study protozoans found in pond water. By the dawn of the 18th century, British instrument designers had introduced improved versions of the tripod microscope invented by Edmund Culpeper. Electron Microscopes: In 1931 Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska invented the first electron microscope that blasted past the optical limitations of the light. Physics dictates that light microscopes are limited by the physics of light to 500x or 1000x magnification and a resolution of 0.2 micrometers. Attributed to the invention of the microscope are two Dutch spectacle craftsmen, Zacharias Jansen and his father Hans. In the waning years of the 16th century, their hands gave shape to the prototype of a device that has now become a cornerstone tool within various scientific domains.

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