Learn how to use access modifiers (public, private, default, protected) and non- access modifiers (final, static, abstract, etc.) for classes, attributes, methods and constructors in Java . See examples, descriptions and try it yourself exercises. 1. Overview In this tutorial, we’ll discuss access modifiers in Java , which are used for setting the access level to classes, variables, methods, and constructors. Simply put, there are four access modifiers : public, private, protected, and default (no keyword). Top-level access modifiers : public and default (default is when no access modifier is used). These access modifiers apply to types only (classes, interfaces, enums and annotations). Member-level access modifiers : public, protected, default and private. These access modifiers apply to fields, constructors and methods. In Java , access modifiers are keywords used in object-oriented programming to set the access level for classes, variables, methods, and constructors. They are the primary means of enforcing encapsulation, a fundamental concept of object-oriented programming that restricts direct access to some of the object’s components.
